pandas学习笔记(入门篇)


原文:http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/getting_started/index.html

这是对pandas的简短介绍,主要面向新用户。您可以在Cookbook中看到更复杂的食谱。通常,我们导入如下:

  • 引入pandas和numpy模块
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

一、对象创建

  • 创建一个Series通过传递值的列表,让大熊猫创建一个默认的整数索引:
>>> s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])
>>> s
0    1.0
1    3.0
2    5.0
3    NaN
4    6.0
5    8.0
dtype: float64
  • DataFrame通过传递带有日期时间索引和标记列的NumPy数组来创建:
>>> dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
>>> dates
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
>>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
>>> df
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.745164 -1.071123  0.075098 -0.451948
2013-01-02  0.776631 -0.465462  0.272682  0.325622
2013-01-03 -0.103572 -0.291292 -0.845716 -0.698609
2013-01-04  0.655741 -0.731569 -0.727710 -1.113281
2013-01-05 -0.527080 -0.815579 -0.295161 -1.166199
2013-01-06 -1.717958 -1.077913 -0.416726  0.190645
  • DataFrame通过传递可以转换为类似系列的对象的dict来创建。
>>> df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': 1.,
                    'B': pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
                    'C': pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype='float32'),
                    'D': np.array([3] * 4, dtype='int32'),
                    'E': pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
                    'F': 'foo'})
>>> df2
     A          B    C  D      E    F
0  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
1  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo
2  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
3  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo

结果的列DataFrame具有不同的 dtypes。

>>> df2.dtypes
A           float64
B    datetime64[ns]
C           float32
D             int32
E          category
F            object
dtype: object

二、查看数据

查看基础部分

1、查看前n行和后n行

>>> df.head() # df.head(n)查看数据框df的前n行数据,默认n=5
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.745164 -1.071123  0.075098 -0.451948
2013-01-02  0.776631 -0.465462  0.272682  0.325622
2013-01-03 -0.103572 -0.291292 -0.845716 -0.698609
2013-01-04  0.655741 -0.731569 -0.727710 -1.113281
2013-01-05 -0.527080 -0.815579 -0.295161 -1.166199
>>> df.tail(3) # df.tail(n)查看数据框df的后n行数据,默认n=5
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-04  0.655741 -0.731569 -0.727710 -1.113281
2013-01-05 -0.527080 -0.815579 -0.295161 -1.166199
2013-01-06 -1.717958 -1.077913 -0.416726  0.190645

2、查看索引和列标签

>>> df.index # 查看索引
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
>>> df.columns # 查看列标签
Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')

3、DataFrame.to_numpy

DataFrame.to_numpy()函数将DataFrame数据转化为NumPy的基础数据格式。

注意:当DataFrame拥有不同数据类型的列时,它的操作可能比较耗时。这可归结为pandas和NumPy之间的根本差异:NumPy的数组只有一个dtype,而pandas的DataFrames每列都有一个dtype,当你使用DataFrame.to_numpy()时,pandas会找到可以容纳DataFrame中所有dtypes的NumPy dtype,这可能最终成为object,这需要将每个值都转换为Python对象,比较耗时。

>>> df.to_numpy() # 对于df,DataFrame的所有dtype都是浮点型数值,DataFrame.to_numpy()会很快
array([[ 0.74516421, -1.07112293,  0.07509773, -0.45194753],
       [ 0.77663096, -0.46546163,  0.27268217,  0.32562184],
       [-0.10357239, -0.29129193, -0.84571597, -0.69860938],
       [ 0.65574123, -0.73156903, -0.72771026, -1.11328066],
       [-0.52707953, -0.81557927, -0.29516127, -1.16619946],
       [-1.71795821, -1.07791279, -0.41672553,  0.190645  ]])
>>> 
>>> df2.to_numpy() # 对于df2,DataFrame具有多个不同dtypes,DataFrame.to_numpy()会比较耗时
array([[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo']],
      dtype=object)

注意:DataFrame.to_numpy()输出的结果中不包含索引和列标签

4、查看数据的统计摘要

>>> df.describe()
              A         B         C         D
count  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000
mean  -0.028512 -0.742156 -0.322922 -0.485628
std    0.982188  0.318212  0.438155  0.635467
min   -1.717958 -1.077913 -0.845716 -1.166199
25%   -0.421203 -1.007237 -0.649964 -1.009613
50%    0.276084 -0.773574 -0.355943 -0.575278
75%    0.722808 -0.531988 -0.017467  0.029997
max    0.776631 -0.291292  0.272682  0.325622

5、转置

df.T
   2013-01-01  2013-01-02  2013-01-03  2013-01-04  2013-01-05  2013-01-06
A    0.745164    0.776631   -0.103572    0.655741   -0.527080   -1.717958
B   -1.071123   -0.465462   -0.291292   -0.731569   -0.815579   -1.077913
C    0.075098    0.272682   -0.845716   -0.727710   -0.295161   -0.416726
D   -0.451948    0.325622   -0.698609   -1.113281   -1.166199    0.190645

6、按轴排序

>>> # axis=1是按照列标签排序,默认axis=0是按照索引排序
>>> # ascending=False是降序排序,默认ascending=True是按照升序排序
>>> df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False) 
                   D         C         B         A
2013-01-01 -0.451948  0.075098 -1.071123  0.745164
2013-01-02  0.325622  0.272682 -0.465462  0.776631
2013-01-03 -0.698609 -0.845716 -0.291292 -0.103572
2013-01-04 -1.113281 -0.727710 -0.731569  0.655741
2013-01-05 -1.166199 -0.295161 -0.815579 -0.527080
2013-01-06  0.190645 -0.416726 -1.077913 -1.71795

7、按值排序

>>> # by: 按照值排序。如果axis=0,by是列标签名;axis=1,by是索引名
>>> # ascending: 升降序排序
>>> df.sort_values(by='B', axis=0, ascending=False) 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-03 -0.103572 -0.291292 -0.845716 -0.698609
2013-01-02  0.776631 -0.465462  0.272682  0.325622
2013-01-04  0.655741 -0.731569 -0.727710 -1.113281
2013-01-05 -0.527080 -0.815579 -0.295161 -1.166199
2013-01-01  0.745164 -1.071123  0.075098 -0.451948
2013-01-06 -1.717958 -1.077913 -0.416726  0.190645

三、选择数据

注意:虽然用于选择和设置的标准Python/Numpy表达式非常直观并且对于交互式工作非常方便,但对于生产代码,我们建议使用优化的pandas数据访问方法 .at,.iat,.loc和.iloc。

更高级索引文档查看 Indexing and Selecting Data 和 MultiIndex / Advanced Indexing.

1、使用中括号选择数据

>>> df['A'] # 选择一个列,等价于df.A,返回一个Series
2013-01-01    0.847323
2013-01-02   -0.638694
2013-01-03   -0.859098
2013-01-04    1.425489
2013-01-05   -1.398528
2013-01-06    1.047252
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64
>>> df[0:3] # 选择一个行,等价于df['2013-01-01':'2013-01-03']
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.847323  1.242429 -0.339945 -1.625278
2013-01-02 -0.638694  1.303991  1.299221  0.980656
2013-01-03 -0.859098 -0.858955 -0.492993 -0.236749

2、按照标签选择数据

更多信息查看这里。 用法:df.loc[行标签, 列标签]

>>> df.loc[:, ['A','C']] # 选择A、C两列数据
                   A         C
2013-01-01  0.847323 -0.339945
2013-01-02 -0.638694  1.299221
2013-01-03 -0.859098 -0.492993
2013-01-04  1.425489 -0.460793
2013-01-05 -1.398528  0.309689
2013-01-06  1.047252 -1.635620

>>> df.loc[:, 'A':'C']   # 选择A到C列数据
                   A         B         C
2013-01-01  0.847323  1.242429 -0.339945
2013-01-02 -0.638694  1.303991  1.299221
2013-01-03 -0.859098 -0.858955 -0.492993
2013-01-04  1.425489  0.687216 -0.460793
2013-01-05 -1.398528  1.607066  0.309689
2013-01-06  1.047252  0.131745 -1.635620

>>> df.loc[dates[0],] # 按照行标签选择行2013-01-01的数据
A    0.847323
B    1.242429
C   -0.339945
D   -1.625278
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

>>> df.loc[dates[0:2],'A':'C']  # 选择'2013-01-01'到'2013-01-02',A到C列的数据
                   A         B         C
2013-01-01  0.847323  1.242429 -0.339945
2013-01-02 -0.638694  1.303991  1.299221

>>> df.loc[dates[0],'C'] # 选择第一行C列的数,单一个数
-0.3399446074291146
>>> df.at[dates[0],'C'] # 等价于df.loc[dates[0],'C'],但是df.at速度更快,只能获取一个数
-0.3399446074291146

3、按照位置选择数据

更多信息查看这里。 用法:df.iloc[行位置, 列位置]

>>> df.iloc[1] # 按照行索引,选取第2行数据,等价于df.iloc[1,:]
A   -0.638694
B    1.303991
C    1.299221
D    0.980656
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64

>>> df.iloc[0:2, [0,1,3]] # 选取第1、2行,第1、2、4列数据
                   A         B         D
2013-01-01  0.847323  1.242429 -1.625278
2013-01-02 -0.638694  1.303991  0.980656

>>> df.iloc[1,0] # 选取第2行,第1列数据
-0.638694268332326
>>> df.iat[1,0] # 等价于df.iloc[1,0],但是df.iat速度更快,只能获取一个数
-0.638694268332326

4、布尔索引

  • 使用单个列的值来选择数据。
>>> df[df.A > 0]
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
  • 从满足布尔条件的DataFrame中选择值。
>>> df[df > 0]
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988
  • 使用isin()过滤方法:
>>> df2 = df.copy()
>>> df2['E'] = ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'three']
>>> df2
                   A         B         C         D      E
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632    one
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236    one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804    two
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860  three
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401   four
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988  three

>>> df2[df2['E'].isin(['two', 'four'])] 
                   A         B         C         D     E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804   two
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401  four

5、设置值

  • 设置新列会自动根据索引对齐数据。
>>> s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
>>> s1
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64
>>> df['F'] = s1
>>> df
                   A         B         C         D    F
2013-01-01  0.147348  1.196578 -0.830143 -0.819528  NaN
2013-01-02 -0.323415  0.273535  0.591451 -0.455048  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.915444  1.683675 -1.005351  0.036724  2.0
2013-01-04 -0.133637  0.604580 -1.344744  0.654401  3.0
2013-01-05  1.631007  0.524544 -1.103851 -0.834705  4.0
2013-01-06 -1.668588  1.298758 -1.557362 -1.177257  5.0
  • 按标签设置值:
>>> df.at[dates[0], 'A'] = 0
  • 按位置设置值:
>>> df.iat[0, 1] = 0
  • 通过使用NumPy数组进行设置:
>>> df.loc[:, 'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))
  • 先前设置操作的结果:
>>> df
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -0.830143  5  NaN
2013-01-02 -0.323415  0.273535  0.591451  5  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.915444  1.683675 -1.005351  5  2.0
2013-01-04 -0.133637  0.604580 -1.344744  5  3.0
2013-01-05  1.631007  0.524544 -1.103851  5  4.0
2013-01-06 -1.668588  1.298758 -1.557362  5  5.0

四、缺失值处理

pandas主要使用该值np.nan来表示缺失的数据。默认情况下,它不包含在计算中。请参阅缺失数据部分。 - 重建索引允许您更改/添加/删除指定轴上的索引。这将返回数据的副本。

>>> df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])
>>> df1.iloc[0:2, -1] = 1
>>> df1
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -0.830143  5  NaN  1.0
2013-01-02 -0.323415  0.273535  0.591451  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.915444  1.683675 -1.005351  5  2.0  NaN
2013-01-04 -0.133637  0.604580 -1.344744  5  3.0  NaN
  • 删除任何缺少数据的行:
>>> df1.dropna(how='any')
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-02 -0.323415  0.273535  0.591451  5  1.0  1.0
  • 填写缺失的数据:
>>> df1.fillna(value=5)
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -0.830143  5  5.0  1.0
2013-01-02 -0.323415  0.273535  0.591451  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.915444  1.683675 -1.005351  5  2.0  5.0
2013-01-04 -0.133637  0.604580 -1.344744  5  3.0  5.0
  • 获取值所在的布尔掩码nan
>>> pd.isna(df1)
                A      B      C      D      F      E
2013-01-01  False  False  False  False   True  False
2013-01-02  False  False  False  False  False  False
2013-01-03  False  False  False  False  False   True
2013-01-04  False  False  False  False  False   True



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